Biological and Cultural Consequences of European Contact...

The consequences of European contact with the Native Americans had grave consequences surpassing the expectations of both sides. However, while the Europeans were able to overcome most of the initial problems surrounding the contact, the Native Americans endured the effects for much longer which led to the decline of Native American power in North America. Both biological effects such as the impact of diseases, and cultural effects including the formation of new societies and the European influence, had devastating effects on the lives the Native Americans had formerly known. While some of the effects of contact could be seen as positive, overall the negative effects from Native American contact with the Europeans proved to outweigh the†¦show more content†¦As far as warfare was concerned, the Native Americans suffered great losses upon the first conflicts with the Europeans. Many Indians were armed with bows, arrows, and spears, and clad themselves in a type of leather armo r. This proved ineffective against the heavy artillery of the Europeans who had thick metal armor along with guns that easily penetrated the Native Americans. Because of the disadvantages that the Native Americans held in warfare, they had to change the way that they had been fighting for centuries. The Native Americans adopted a new strategy for war that consisted of guerilla style attacks. This way, the element of surprise brought them on a somewhat more level playing field due to their technologically inferior weapons. However, over time the Indians began trading with the Europeans to get guns. This completely revolutionized warfare for the Native Americans. Never before had they been in possession of such powerful arms. This made the Native Americans much more lethal during warfare. While horses and guns revolutionized warfare, trading for everyday goods greatly improved the life for the Native Americans. These items included new pots, beads, scissors, and hatchets. For example , the introduction of the scissors allowed the women to cut cloth more easily and precisely than before. Overall, everyday activities such as cooking and weaving were made much easier because of trade for European goods. The Native Americans frequentlyShow MoreRelatedHow Cultural And Biological Diversity Are Not Incompatible1495 Words   |  6 PagesHow Cultural and Biological Diversity are Not Incompatible (Option One Essay) What is Cultural and Biological diversity? Cultural diversity is the existence of multiple cultures or ethnic groups in a society. Biological diversity means the variability among all different living organisms. Both articles, â€Å"Ecological Relationships of Ethnic Groups in Swat, North pakistan† by Fredrik barth and â€Å"Changes in The Land† by William Cronon suggest that both cultural and biological diversity are not incompatibleRead MoreInequality: Race And Racism. 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We believe that it represents generally the contemporary thinking and scholarly positions of a majority of anthropologistsRead MoreThe Impacts of the Columbian Exchange Essay example1338 Words   |  6 PagesThe Columbian Exchange has been called the â€Å"greatest human intervention in nature since the invention of agriculture† (Grennes 2007). The exchange of diseases, plants, and animals lead to a global cultural and economic shift throughout the Old and New Worlds following Christopher Columbus discovery of the Americas in 1492. The Eastern Hemisphere saw an influx of raw materials, new staple crops, and the income from and production of growing crops that were too re source intensive for Europe andRead MoreThe Columbian Exchange : A History Of Disease, Food And Ideas1460 Words   |  6 Pagestopic, in which the authors chose to focus on how the Old World was affected more so than what transpired in the areas being colonized. There was an extravagant biological exchange of both crops and disease, which provided serious lifestyle changes for both Europeans and the native people of the Americas, and there were also consequences elsewhere in the world associated with the Columbus exchange in the years after its commencement. Secondary sources are also very important to historians and thisRead MoreA Brief Note On The Early Modern Period1523 Words   |  7 Pagesthey all were forging new global economies and new biological and socio-cultural exchanges. The Europeans wanted to expand their international reach, in order to: meet the demand for spices, find new sources of precious metal, find new trade routes, and spread Christianity. The impact of European conquest resulted with violence and disease, surviving natives then encountered new political, social, and economic organizations, imposed by Europeans. The exchange of goods and people between Europe andRead MoreRace And Racial Relations During The United States1380 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States because our country is home to many immigrants and there has been many issues regarding race in this country. For example, African Americans struggled to be accepted and treated as an equal—dealing with racism. Diversity is a huge factor in this country since it is increasing every moment. In order to survive, immigrants must assimilate to American culture and its economy while keeping their cultures intact. 2. What does color blindness refer to? What are some of the most appealing elementsRead MoreRace in America2248 Words   |  9 Pages When Europeans arrived in the America, they encountered people whom they had never before seen. The natives were viewed as savage and uncivilized, regardless of their well-established culture and presence. As the colonies formed and Africans began their slave-bound voyages to America, many colonists perceived them as inferior. Eurocentrism allowed for a foundation on which the race concept was built and flourished. As research shows, there is only one species of human beings, Homo sapiens. Read MoreMajor Turning Points in U.S. History (1492-1820)1366 Words   |  6 Pageseffects, but the long-term consequences as well. Throughout the duration of this essay I will briefly analyze what is perceived to be the most imperative turning points in American history politically, socially, culturally, and economically on, not simply an immediate premise, bu t also on an enduring scale. One of the first major turning point events in early American history was the French and Indian war. The French and Indian war was fought between the French and its American Indian allies against

How Independent Consultants Fill The Gap And Complement...

I am presently working on a business plan to provide college admission guidance as an independent professional. There are countless media headlines on how the increased complexity of the college application process and the competitive results for admissions requires students to receive more guidance while the ratio of students to school counselors increases. This paper aims to explore some ways that independent consultants fill the gap and complement high school counseling. I used interviews and questionnaires to elicit information. I contacted several counselors in public and private schools to get the profiles of families that seek outside assistance with the college application process and to understand how best to arrange a collaboration between counselors for the benefit of the student. Through questionnaires, I asked families of current high school students, rising college freshmen, and rising college sophomores which aspects of the process warrant more support. I also rev iewed articles and books on the subject to identify the key areas where students need additional assistance with college admissions planning. The surveys and decision matrices I used are available to assist counselors, students, and families. Background/Issue The National Association for College Admissions Counseling (NACAC) identifies that school counselors play a crucial role in creating a college-going culture. However, with a national student-to-counselor ratio of 471:1 in publicShow MoreRelatedNursing Essay41677 Words   |  167 PagesUniversity School of Nursing, Portland Troyen A. Brennan, Executive Vice President, Chief Medical Officer, CVS Caremark, Woonsocket, RI Robert E. 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Police Powers Free Essays

Police Powers INTRODUCTION Police powers are defined as â€Å"legal abilities to perform actions that would otherwise be legally forbidden; they are not duties to perform actions to which the law would otherwise be indifferent† (Shiner, 1994). Police exercise powers with respect to detention and arrest, search and seizure, use of force, and interrogation of crime suspects’ . The degree to which police exercise these powers vary from one case to another. We will write a custom essay sample on Police Powers or any similar topic only for you Order Now A police force with unlimited power might be more effective, but it would interfere with the freedoms citizens to enjoy. Thus, one major problem permeates the whole field of police powers: how to frame the law to give police adequate powers to perform their law enforcement duties, while at the same time ensuring that such powers do not allow arbitrary and unreasonable interference by the police with the freedom of the individual (Lambert, 1986). Lambert (1986) has stated that, police forces are expected to use powers of coercion to function efficiently. He acknowledges that powers to detain suspects against their will are essential elements of the investigative process. He also suggests that, there will always be circumstances, where police forces will need to stop and question people, search them and their premises or vehicle and take them to the police station in order to proceed with the investigation, if need be, by force. This would enable them to carry out their job successfully. This term paper looks at two police powers namely the power to detain and arrest and the power to search people and places to seize evidence that are essential to ensure order and pursue criminals, while protecting the rights of citizens. Canadian criminal offences do not all have the same degree of severity. Understanding the classification of criminal offences is essential before discussing about arrest and detention. Arcaro (Arcaro, Classification of offences, 2003), has classified criminal offences in two categories : 1. Summary Conviction: Minor criminal offences that include indecent acts, disturbances, trespassing at night et cetera. 2. Indictable:Major criminal offences that include first degree murder, infanticide, kidnapping et cetera. ARREST AND DETENTION The term arrest has been defined as ‘actual restraint on a person’s liberty, without that person’s consent’, and ‘physical custody of a person with the intent to detain’ (Arcaro, Arrest without warrant, 2003). It involves a statement that person is under arrest and may/may not involve physical touch of the person In Canada, The power to arrest is provided by the Criminal Code and other federal statues as well as by provincial legislation such as motor vehicle statues. An arrest can be made to prevent a crime from being committed, to terminate a breach of the peace, or to compel an accused person to attend the trial (Griffiths, 2007). Griffiths (2007) proclaims that only a handful of criminal suspects are â€Å"formally arrested† when they are charged with an offence. He claims that most of them are issued an appearance notice by the police officer or are summoned to court by a justice of the peace (JP). He states that, sometimes, the police have to respond quickly without securing a warrant from JP. Section 495(1) C. C states four circumstances where a police officer can arrest a criminal suspect without a warrant: 1. Find a person committing a criminal offence 2. Reasonable grounds that a person has committed an indictable offence. . Reasonable grounds that a person is about to commit an indictable offence. 4. Reasonable grounds that a valid warrant exists in the territorial jurisdiction in which the accused person is found. (Arcaro, Arrest without warrant, 2003) Two additional conditions apply to making an arrest. First, the officer must not make an arrest if he or she has no â€Å"reasonable groundsâ⠂¬ . Reasonable Grounds has been defined by case law as â€Å"a set of facts or circumstances which would cause a person of ordinary and prudent judgment to believe beyond a mere suspicion (Arcaro, Arrest without warrant, 2003). A police officer must have reasonable grounds that an indictable offence has been committed. Second, the officer must believe on â€Å"reasonable grounds† that an arrest is â€Å"necessary in the public interest. † This is defined specifically as the need to: 1. Establish the identity of the person; 2. Secure or preserve evidence of or relating to the offence; and/or 3. Prevent the continuation or repetition of the offence or the commission of another offence. (Griffiths, 2007) In practice, arrests are usually made only in the case of indictable offences. For summary conviction offences, arrest is only legal if the police finds someone actually committing the offence or if there is an outstanding arrest warrant or a warrant of committal. The Supreme Court of Canada has held that a detention occurs when a police officer â€Å"assumes control over the movement of a person by a demand or direction that may have significant legal consequence and that prevents or impedes access to legal counsel. (Griffiths, 2007)†. Detention is a part of arrest, but a person can be detained without being arrested. Upon arrest or detention, the suspect can choose between exercising charter rights or not. According to Section 10 of the Charter, anyone who has been arrested or detained has the right to be informed promptly of the reason for the arrest or detention. That person also has the right to instruct counsel without delay and to be informed about that right. Suspects have a right to retain counsel but do not have an absolute right to have that counsel paid for by the state. When an arrested or detained person does not have a lawyer, police must inform the suspect of a toll-free number that offers free preliminary advice. They must hold off on further questioning to give the suspect an opportunity to access this advice. Failure to do so is considered as an infringement of suspects’ Charter rights. SEARCH AND SEIZURE â€Å"Search and seizure† is defined as the power of the police to search people and places and to seize evidence. Griffiths (2007) suggests that, historically, under the common law, the way evidence was gathered did not affect its admissibility in a criminal trial. This scenario was changed by Section 8 of the Charter which protects all citizens against â€Å"unreasonable† search and seizure. Section 24 of the Charter requires evidence from an illegal search to be excluded from the trial as is would bring the justice system into disrepute. As a result, conditions and requirements have emerged regarding prior authorization for a search. Generally, a search warrant must be issued. A search warrant is a written document that represents judicial authorization for peace officers to enter and search a specific place for specific items, and to seize those items that are evidence to the offence, if they are found (Arcaro, Search and Seizure, 2003). Arcaro (2003) explains that search warrants must be preceded by an application; they are not automatically granted on the basis of a request by a police officer. He states that, justice may issue a search warrant if reasonable grounds exist to believe that there is in a building, receptacle or place: 1. Anything on or in respect of which any criminal offence under any federal statute has been, or is suspected of having been committed, or 2. Anything that is reasonably believed to be evidence of an offence against the criminal code or other federal statutes. . Anything that will reveal the whereabouts of a person who is believed to have committed any classification of criminal offence; 4. Anything that is intended to be used for the purpose of committing any criminal offence, against the person for which a person may be arrested without a warrant. Essentially the warrant authorizes the search for and seizure of tangible, physical items that are evidence that proves the commission of a ny classification of offences under any federal statute. The general contents of a search warrant include applicant’s name and signature, the place intended to be searched, description of the items to be searched for, the offence that the evidence to be searched for will prove, and reasonable grounds for belief that the items are in the place (Arcaro, Search and Seizure, 2003). All of the above contents must be sufficiently proven to a justice. If one area is deficient, the application will be rejected. Box 4. 4 (Griffiths, 2007) illustrates a situation where Supreme Court expanded police practice with respect to searches. Police responded to an anonymous tip from a caller regarding young men brandishing weapons by setting up a roadblock, searching for weapons in cars leaving the club. While doing so, they seized weapons from an unsuspecting vehicle. These weapons were ruled out as evidence by the Ontario Court of Appeal in acquitting the two accused, as it was obtained by means of a blockade, which was unlawful since there had been no evidence that anyone was in danger and that the police had not limited their search to vehicles described by the caller. However, the Supreme Court of Canada overturned the decision, deciding that the search was justified. It was agreed that stopping any vehicles from leaving the parking lot of the club was a reasonable response. This example illustrates that the Supreme Court has adopted more of a law-and-order stance in recent years. Works Cited Arcaro, G. (2003). Arrest without warrant. In G. Arcaro, Basic Police Powers (p. 353). Toronto: Thomson/Nelson. Arcaro, G. (2003). Classification of offences. In G. Arcaro, Basic Police Powers (p. 353). Toronto: Thomson/Nelson. Arcaro, G. (2003). Search and Seizure. In G. Arcaro, Basic Police Powers (p. 353). Toronto: Thomson/Nelson. Griffiths, C. T. (2007). Police Powers and Decision Making. In C. T. Griffiths, Canadian Criminal Justice (p. 367). Toronto: Nelson Education Ltd. Lambert, J. L. (1986). Arrest and Detention. In J. L. Lambert, Police Powers and Accountability (p. 230). London ; Dover, N. H. : Croom Helm Ltd. Shiner, R. A. (1994). Citizens rights and police powers. In R. S. Macleod, Police Powers in Canada: The Evolution and Practice of Authority (p. 76). Toronto: University of Toronto Press . ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Formal arrest takes place when an arrest warrant has been issued against the criminal suspect. Arrest warrant is a document that permits a police officer to arrest a specific person for a specified reason. It is issued by the Justice of Peace. [ 2 ]. A document issued by a judge d irecting prison authorities to accept a person into custody upon his or her sentencing or a document issued by parole board to revoke an offender’s conditional release. How to cite Police Powers, Essay examples

Movie Summary Nell Essay Example For Students

Movie Summary Nell Essay The movie Nell focuses mainly on the character Nell, played by Jodie Foster. As the movie has shown, her life becomes the center of others lives and focuses when she’s discovered by the press and a couple of doctors, Dr. Jerome â€Å"Jerry† Lovell and Dr. Paula Olsen. It was after this discovery that all the events we know of transpired and Nell had to go through what she did. In this paper, I’ll be discussing how absurd it was that Nell was treated so well, how the other psychologist, Alexander Paley, was right, and finally how it doesn’t matter what Nell felt when she realized she was different and how Nell could have had a much more useful life in the end. Nell was treated different ways throughout the movie, sometimes well due to Dr. Jerome, sometimes worse due to the press and other things or people. However, I find that how well she was treated honestly doesn’t matter when you think about the bigger picture. Take into account how she was treated in the hospital. Sure, she wasn’t near as comfortable as she was in her house in the woods, but she had a bed, food, and everything she needed. The hospital was the place she should have stayed and gotten used to, for a bigger purpose she might serve in science and society. The person who was right in this movie was Dr. Alexander Paley, who insisted on that Nell should come and stay in the hospital, not just for her own sake or safety, but also for further study of how feral children develop, at least to an extent. This man had his eye on the prize the whole time and knew what should be done with Nell, unlike the emotionally biased Dr. Jerome and Dr. Paula. Nell’s own emotions are irrelevant in her situation. The possibilities are endless when you consider how much research could be done on the way Nell developed, and such knowledge could be used to such a large extent that one girl’s emotions are dwarfed by the potential of this. Nell did not have the best life she could have in the end, but this is simply because the best life she could have is not the best life for her. As I have elaborated on some before, the ways society and science and the world itself could benefit just from studying this feral child makes her own gains seem miniscule. When you really try to look at this whole situation from an unbiased perspective unlike Dr. Jerome and Dr. Paula did, the point that Nell would be better used for research and experimentation cannot be refuted. In conclusion, there are many things one might inquire of as to what is or was the best for Nell and what should have become of her. The answer to this situation, however, tends to not be the best for her personally, but instead for the world and our society. Research on her, though sacrificing her own individual rights, is something that would be extremely benevolent, no matter how happy she would be with it.